Julkaisuarkisto

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have demonstrated music-induced activation of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal across brain networks associated with auditory perception, motor control, and emotion. However, BOLD-fMRI reflects vascular responses that may not fully capture underlying neural activity. Here, we used simultaneous [¹⁸F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) functional positron emission tomography (fPET) and fMRI to examine glucose metabolism closely linked to neural activity, alongside hemodynamic responses during pleasurable music listening. Thirty-five female participants listened to self-selected pleasurable music and control stimuli while undergoing 90-minute PET-MRI scans. In fPET, the music > control contrast revealed music-evoked increase in glucose consumption in auditory and motor cortices, as well as reward-related regions, including the nucleus accumbens (NAc), caudate, insula, and orbitofrontal cortex. The fPET and fMRI results showed substantial overlap though some discrepancies were also observed. Notably, the NAc exhibited increased glucose consumption in fPET but showed no activation in fMRI. Conversely, deactivation of the default mode network during music processing was only observed with fMRI. These results highlight the complementary nature of neurometabolic and neurovascular processes and offer novel insights into their dynamics during the processing of aesthetic rewards.

Eriyttämistä pidetään välttämättömänä opetuksen lähestymistapana, jonka avulla voidaan huomioida oppilaiden moninaisuus. Eriyttäminen on korostunut suomalaisessa koulutuskeskustelussa ja käytännön opetuksessa viimeisten reilun kymmenen vuoden aikana erityisesti perusopetuksessa. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastelemme kahden yli-opiston vieraiden kielten opettajaopiskelijoiden (N=55) eriyttämiskäsi-tyksiä. Aineistona hyödynnämme opettajaopiskelijoiden tekstejä, joissa he kuvaavat työviikkoaan vuonna 2040. Analysoimme aineiston teoria-ohjaavasti teemoitellen. Kokonaisuutena opettajaopiskelijoiden ope-tuksen tulevaisuuskuvauksissa oli tunnistettavissa monia eriyttämisen elementtejä,ja usea opettajaopiskelija näki moninaisuuden huomioimi-sen olennaisena osana tulevaisuuden opettajuutta. Erityisesti moni-puoliset opetusmenetelmät korostuivat aineistossa. Tulokset antavat näkökulman siihen, minkä roolin vieraiden kielten opettajaopiskelijat antavat eriyttämiselle osana tulevaa työtä.

This article is a methodological contribution to the question of what can be inferred from the linguistic landscape of a cemetery about the multilingual past of a community. The data of the study come from cemeteries in Varkaus, an industrial town in a Finnish-speaking area in Finland, where a small Swedish- and German-speaking minority formed in the nineteenth and early twentieth century as a result of industrial labor migration. The method selected for the analysis combines the perspectives of linguistic landscape research with onomastics and offers new insights into the possibilities and limitations of cemeteries to function as a source of evidence for the investigation of historical multilingualism. The focus is on both the names of the deceased engraved on grave markers and inscriptions other than names. The article demonstrates that the reasons vary for the multilingualism within and between these two layers of the analysis and that these two layers partly open different windows to the multilingual past of a community. In addition, the cemetery landscape is transformed by commemorative practices: Because they change over time, the cemetery’s linguistic landscape is not a direct historical replica of the linguistic resources of past members of the community.

Introduction: Early life is a critical window for the development of many bodily systems, including the gut microbiota and the central nervous system, that are interconnected through the gut-brain axis. These early life gut-brain axis connections are often studied through cross-sectional cohorts, limiting insights into temporal developmental trajectories. This longitudinal cohort study assessed whether gut microbial development over the first year of life is associated with socio-emotional development into childhood.

Methods: The PRIDE (pregnancy and infant development) BIOME study (n = 81, n = 42 males) is a focus cohort within the larger prospective PRIDE study. Gut microbiome was measured 5 times throughout the first year of life (at 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months through V4 16S rRNA sequencing) and socio-emotional development 8 times over 4.5 years, between 6 months and 5 years through the Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional (ASQ-SE). We related the development of the gut microbiota of infants throughout their first year of life with their socio-emotional development into childhood, the latter modeled as a slope per individual (ASQ slope). We assessed effects of time, ASQ slope and its interaction with time on microbial community measures alpha and beta diversity, as well as taxonomy, using linear mixed-effects models and PERMANOVA, correcting for sex, birth weight, gestational age, and sequencing depth.

Results: Expected developmental patterns on the gut microbiota over the first year of life were observed, including increased alpha diversity and clustering of beta diversity before and after solid food introduction. Interestingly, ASQ slope was a significant predictor of beta diversity (F(1,394) = 25.90, p = 0.001) and Bifidobacterium abundance across the first year of life (b = -0.745, SE = 0.24, pFDR = 0.023). Moreover, we observed a temporal association between ASQ slope and Eggerthella abundance (ASQ slope × timepoint interaction, b = 0.709, SE = 0.21, pFDR = 0.009). That is, Eggerthella abundance decreased across the group, but not in "late concern" infants, with concern about socio-emotional development at more recent timepoints.

Discussion: This study shows that genera Bifidobacterium and Eggerthella, known to be altered in mental health conditions such as autism spectrum disorder and depression, are already linked to socio-emotional development during early life. Hence, this work contributes to the identification of gut microbial candidates relevant for preventive screening of healthy gut-brain development and microbiota-targeted interventions.