Multiwavelength variability and correlation studies of Mrk 421 during historically low X-ray and γ-ray activity in 2015-2016

D'Elia V; Cerruti M; Cortina J; Beck M; Suda Y; Mannheim K; Strom D; Giroletti M; Garczarczyk M; Temnikov P; Rico J; Kubo H; Lahteenmaki A; Pavletic L; Kushida J; Sadun AC; Ceribella G; Jouvin L; Bonnoli G; Delgado J; Sakurai S; Satalecka K; Baquero A; Ramakrishnan V; Giordano F; Blanch O; Mirzoyan R; Saito T; Fruck C; Schleicher B; Ishio K; Rugliancich A; Depaoli D; Paneque D; Miceli D; Righini S; Verguilov V; Covino S; Bosnjak Z; Iotov R; Paredes JM; Di Girolamo T; Vitale V; Penil P; Kerszberg D; Ansoldi S; Tornikoski M; Green D; Mariotti M; Hahn A; Besenrieder J; Inada T; Righi C; Mendez CD; Terzic T; Giglietto N; Berti A; Schmidt K; Babic A; Lelas D; Valverde J; Puljak I; Acciari VA; Otero-Santos J; Carosi R; Miener T; Chilingarian A; Manganaro M; Lien AY; Jorstad SG; Tavecchio F; Buss J; Jarvela E; Moreno V; Majumdar P; Sliusar V; Moroni PGP; Ninci D; Snidaric I; Morcuende D; Priyadarshi C; Lopez RJG; Mazin D; Leone F; Klinger M; Vigorito CF; Horan D; Foffano L; Loporchio S; Truzzi S; Nozaki S; Biland A; Verrecchia F; Contreras JL; Ohtani Y; Prester DD; Donini A; Joner M; Perennes C; Doro M; Moretti E; Fattorini A; Green JG; Bhattacharyya W; Walter R; Micanovic S; Chai Y; Bigongiari C; Mallamaci M; Hadasch D; Takahashi M; Hoang J; Lamastra A; Bednarek W; Miranda JM; Barrio JA; Munar-Adrover P; Sobczynska D; Banerjee B; Herrera J; Hildebrand D; Bretz T; Bernardini E; Maraschi L; Colombo E; Dorner D; Fraga BMD; Nilsson K; Gliwny P; Spolon A; De Angelis A; Jormanainen J; Strzys M; Ramazani VF; Elsaesser D; Neronov A; Bellizzi L; Ribo M; Martinez M; Noethe M; Moody JW; Minev M; Vanzo G; Paravac A; Persic M; Sahakyan N; Kajiwara Y; Colak SM; Makariev M; Rhode W; Zaric D; Vera RJC; Marscher AP; Stamerra A; Cikota S; Saha L; Neise D; Gaug M; Lopez-Oramas A; Maggio C; Biederbeck N; Bernardos M; Iwamura Y; Hutten M; Schweizer T; Nishijima K; Asano K; Font L; Gonzalez JB; Noda K; Antonelli LA; Heckmann L; Lombardi S; Theissen F; Moralejo A; Acosta MV; Gasparyan S; Lindfors E; De Lotto B; Fukami S; Neustroev V; Da Vela P; Dazzi F; Fonseca MV; Sitarek J; Ferrara G; Suric T; Oka T; Baack D; Delfino M; van Scherpenberg J; Torres-Alba N; Molina E; Ventura S; Maneva G; Hrupec D; de Almeida UB; Lopez-Coto R; Tosti L; Prandini E; Arbet-Engels A; Will M; Neira EDE; D'Amico G; Nigro C; Lopez M; Balbo M; Longo F; Kobayashi Y; Di Pierro F; Di Venere L; Palatiello M; Karjalainen M; Mender S; Bruegge K; Leto C; Busetto G; Teshima M; Perri M; Inoue S; Paoletti R; Vovk I

Multiwavelength variability and correlation studies of Mrk 421 during historically low X-ray and γ-ray activity in 2015-2016

D'Elia V; Cerruti M; Cortina J; Beck M; Suda Y; Mannheim K; Strom D; Giroletti M; Garczarczyk M; Temnikov P; Rico J; Kubo H; Lahteenmaki A; Pavletic L; Kushida J; Sadun AC; Ceribella G; Jouvin L; Bonnoli G; Delgado J; Sakurai S; Satalecka K; Baquero A; Ramakrishnan V; Giordano F; Blanch O; Mirzoyan R; Saito T; Fruck C; Schleicher B; Ishio K; Rugliancich A; Depaoli D; Paneque D; Miceli D; Righini S; Verguilov V; Covino S; Bosnjak Z; Iotov R; Paredes JM; Di Girolamo T; Vitale V; Penil P; Kerszberg D; Ansoldi S; Tornikoski M; Green D; Mariotti M; Hahn A; Besenrieder J; Inada T; Righi C; Mendez CD; Terzic T; Giglietto N; Berti A; Schmidt K; Babic A; Lelas D; Valverde J; Puljak I; Acciari VA; Otero-Santos J; Carosi R; Miener T; Chilingarian A; Manganaro M; Lien AY; Jorstad SG; Tavecchio F; Buss J; Jarvela E; Moreno V; Majumdar P; Sliusar V; Moroni PGP; Ninci D; Snidaric I; Morcuende D; Priyadarshi C; Lopez RJG; Mazin D; Leone F; Klinger M; Vigorito CF; Horan D; Foffano L; Loporchio S; Truzzi S; Nozaki S; Biland A; Verrecchia F; Contreras JL; Ohtani Y; Prester DD; Donini A; Joner M; Perennes C; Doro M; Moretti E; Fattorini A; Green JG; Bhattacharyya W; Walter R; Micanovic S; Chai Y; Bigongiari C; Mallamaci M; Hadasch D; Takahashi M; Hoang J; Lamastra A; Bednarek W; Miranda JM; Barrio JA; Munar-Adrover P; Sobczynska D; Banerjee B; Herrera J; Hildebrand D; Bretz T; Bernardini E; Maraschi L; Colombo E; Dorner D; Fraga BMD; Nilsson K; Gliwny P; Spolon A; De Angelis A; Jormanainen J; Strzys M; Ramazani VF; Elsaesser D; Neronov A; Bellizzi L; Ribo M; Martinez M; Noethe M; Moody JW; Minev M; Vanzo G; Paravac A; Persic M; Sahakyan N; Kajiwara Y; Colak SM; Makariev M; Rhode W; Zaric D; Vera RJC; Marscher AP; Stamerra A; Cikota S; Saha L; Neise D; Gaug M; Lopez-Oramas A; Maggio C; Biederbeck N; Bernardos M; Iwamura Y; Hutten M; Schweizer T; Nishijima K; Asano K; Font L; Gonzalez JB; Noda K; Antonelli LA; Heckmann L; Lombardi S; Theissen F; Moralejo A; Acosta MV; Gasparyan S; Lindfors E; De Lotto B; Fukami S; Neustroev V; Da Vela P; Dazzi F; Fonseca MV; Sitarek J; Ferrara G; Suric T; Oka T; Baack D; Delfino M; van Scherpenberg J; Torres-Alba N; Molina E; Ventura S; Maneva G; Hrupec D; de Almeida UB; Lopez-Coto R; Tosti L; Prandini E; Arbet-Engels A; Will M; Neira EDE; D'Amico G; Nigro C; Lopez M; Balbo M; Longo F; Kobayashi Y; Di Pierro F; Di Venere L; Palatiello M; Karjalainen M; Mender S; Bruegge K; Leto C; Busetto G; Teshima M; Perri M; Inoue S; Paoletti R; Vovk I

Multiwavelength variability and correlation studies of Mrk 421 during historically low X-ray and γ-ray activity in 2015-2016

D'Elia V

Cerruti M

Cortina J

Beck M

Suda Y

Mannheim K

Strom D

Giroletti M

Garczarczyk M

Temnikov P

Rico J

Kubo H

Lahteenmaki A

Pavletic L

Kushida J

Sadun AC

Ceribella G

Jouvin L

Bonnoli G

Delgado J

Sakurai S

Satalecka K

Baquero A

Ramakrishnan V

Giordano F

Blanch O

Mirzoyan R

Saito T

Fruck C

Schleicher B

Ishio K

Rugliancich A

Depaoli D

Paneque D

Miceli D

Righini S

Verguilov V

Covino S

Bosnjak Z

Iotov R

Paredes JM

Di Girolamo T

Vitale V

Penil P

Kerszberg D

Ansoldi S

Tornikoski M

Green D

Mariotti M

Hahn A

Besenrieder J

Inada T

Righi C

Mendez CD

Terzic T

Giglietto N

Berti A

Schmidt K

Babic A

Lelas D

Valverde J

Puljak I

Acciari VA

Otero-Santos J

Carosi R

Miener T

Chilingarian A

Manganaro M

Lien AY

Jorstad SG

Tavecchio F

Buss J

Jarvela E

Moreno V

Majumdar P

Sliusar V

Moroni PGP

Ninci D

Snidaric I

Morcuende D

Priyadarshi C

Lopez RJG

Mazin D

Leone F

Klinger M

Vigorito CF

Horan D

Foffano L

Loporchio S

Truzzi S

Nozaki S

Biland A

Verrecchia F

Contreras JL

Ohtani Y

Prester DD

Donini A

Joner M

Perennes C

Doro M

Moretti E

Fattorini A

Green JG

Bhattacharyya W

Walter R

Micanovic S

Chai Y

Bigongiari C

Mallamaci M

Hadasch D

Takahashi M

Hoang J

Lamastra A

Bednarek W

Miranda JM

Barrio JA

Munar-Adrover P

Sobczynska D

Banerjee B

Herrera J

Hildebrand D

Bretz T

Bernardini E

Maraschi L

Colombo E

Dorner D

Fraga BMD

Nilsson K

Gliwny P

Spolon A

De Angelis A

Jormanainen J

Strzys M

Ramazani VF

Elsaesser D

Neronov A

Bellizzi L

Ribo M

Martinez M

Noethe M

Moody JW

Minev M

Vanzo G

Paravac A

Persic M

Sahakyan N

Kajiwara Y

Colak SM

Makariev M

Rhode W

Zaric D

Vera RJC

Marscher AP

Stamerra A

Cikota S

Saha L

Neise D

Gaug M

Lopez-Oramas A

Maggio C

Biederbeck N

Bernardos M

Iwamura Y

Hutten M

Schweizer T

Nishijima K

Asano K

Font L

Gonzalez JB

Noda K

Antonelli LA

Heckmann L

Lombardi S

Theissen F

Moralejo A

Acosta MV

Gasparyan S

Lindfors E

De Lotto B

Fukami S

Neustroev V

Da Vela P

Dazzi F

Fonseca MV

Sitarek J

Ferrara G

Suric T

Oka T

Baack D

Delfino M

van Scherpenberg J

Torres-Alba N

Molina E

Ventura S

Maneva G

Hrupec D

de Almeida UB

Lopez-Coto R

Tosti L

Prandini E

Arbet-Engels A

Will M

Neira EDE

D'Amico G

Nigro C

Lopez M

Balbo M

Longo F

Kobayashi Y

Di Pierro F

Di Venere L

Palatiello M

Karjalainen M

Mender S

Bruegge K

Leto C

Busetto G

Teshima M

Perri M

Inoue S

Paoletti R

Vovk I

Katso/Avaa

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OXFORD UNIV PRESS

doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3727

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Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on:
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2021093048441

Tiivistelmä

We report a characterization of the multiband flux variability and correlations of the nearby (z = 0.031) blazar Markarian 421 (Mrk 421) using data from Metsahovi, Swift, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, FACT, and other collaborations and instruments from 2014 November till 2016 June. Mrk 421 did not show any prominent flaring activity, but exhibited periods of historically low activity above 1 TeV (F->1 TeV < 1.7 x 10(-12) ph cm(-2) s(-1)) and in the 2-10 keV (X-ray) band (F2-10 keV < 3.6 x 10(-11) erg cm(-2) s(-1)), during which the Swift-BAT data suggest an additional spectral component beyond the regular synchrotron emission. The highest flux variability occurs in X-rays and very high-energy (E > 0.1 TeV) gamma-rays, which, despite the low activity, show a significant positive correlation with no time lag. The HRkeV and HRTeV show the harder-when-brighter trend observed in many blazars, but the trend flattens at the highest fluxes, which suggests a change in the processes dominating the blazar variability. Enlarging our data set with data from years 2007 to 2014, we measured a positive correlation between the optical and the GeV emission over a range of about 60 d centred at time lag zero, and a positive correlation between the optical/GeV and the radio emission over a range of about 60 d centred at a time lag of 43(-6)(+9) d. This observation is consistent with the radio-bright zone being located about 0.2 parsec downstream from the optical/GeV emission regions of the jet. The flux distributions are better described with a lognormal function in most of the energy bands probed, indicating that the variability in Mrk 421 is likely produced by a multiplicative process.

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