Suomettumisesta Suomi-buumiin: Suomen julkisuusdiplomatia Japanissa 1962–2003
Ipatti, Laura (2024-12-05)
Suomettumisesta Suomi-buumiin: Suomen julkisuusdiplomatia Japanissa 1962–2003
Ipatti, Laura
(05.12.2024)
Turun yliopisto
Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on:
https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-9972-9
https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-9972-9
Tiivistelmä
Väitös tarkastelee Suomen julkisuusdiplomatian, aikalaistermillä tunnetuksi tekemisen, historiaa Japanissa kylmän sodan suomettumiskeskustelusta 2000-luvun Suomi-buumi-ilmiöön. Tutkimusjakso alkaa vuodesta 1962, jolloin Suomen ulkomaille suunnattu virallinen tiedottaminen aktivoitui samaan aikaan, kun Suomen Tokion-lähetystö korotettiin suurlähetystöksi ja suhteet Japaniin vilkastuivat kaupan liberalisoinnin myötä. Jakso päättyy vuoteen 2003, josta Japanin Suomi-buumi eli Suomen vahvan maabrändin kausi alkoi. Alkupäätä rajaavat myös Suomen ulkopolitiikan aktivoituminen ja suurvaltasuhteiden liennytys, loppupäätä uuden julkisuusdiplomatian, eli maabrändäyksen ja elektronisen diplomatian, yleistyminen. Tutkimus tarkastelee yleistä julkisuusdiplomatiaa (imagokampanjointi), kaupallista diplomatiaa (vienninedistäminen) ja kulttuuridiplomatiaa (kulttuuriyhteistyön laajentaminen) Suomen Japaniin suuntaaman vaikuttamisen lajeina. Niitä toteuttivat Tokion-suurlähetystön välityksellä ulkoministeriön sanomalehtiasiaintoimisto, kauppa- ja teollisuusministeriön kauppaosasto ja sen yhteyteen vuonna 1972 perustettu Ulkomaantiedotuksen koordinaatiotyöryhmä, sekä opetusministeriöön vuonna 1966 perustettu kansainvälisten asiain osasto. Ministeriöiden ympärille ryhmittyivät tiedottamiseen osallistuneet puolijulkiset ja yksityiset tahot. Kolmen kanavan järjestelmä, joka toimi vapaamuotoisena yhteistyönä, muodosti Suomen julkisuusdiplomatian perustan Japanissa. Tutkimusjaksolla julkisuusdiplomatian organisaatio Tokion-suurlähetystössä selkiytyi, laajeni ja ammattimaistui. Yleiseen julkisuusdiplomatiaan palkattiin lehdistöavustaja ja lehdistöneuvos, kaupallista diplomatiaa hoitamaan perustettiin kaupallisten ja teollisuussihteerien virat, ja kulttuuridiplomatia tehostui, kun Suomen kulttuuri- ja tiedeinstituutti (Suomen Japanin instituutti) perustettiin Tokioon. Jakson lopulla kaikki kolme vaikuttamisen kanavaa toimivat rinnakkain rooleiltaan jäsentyneessä yhteistyössä, jossa Suomen valtion vaikuttaminen japanilaisiin yleisöihin oli yhä systemaattisempaa. Tutkimus koostuu neljästä vertaisarvioidusta artikkelista ja yhteenvedosta. Artikkeleista kolme on tapaustutkimuksia, jotka tarkastelevat julkisuusdiplomatian alueita ja niitä toteuttaneita ministeriöitä (I) Suomen imagopolitiikassa Japanissa 1960-luvulla, (II) Suomen osallistumisessa Osakan vuoden 1970 maailmannäyttelyyn, ja (III) Suomen ja Japanin kulttuurisopimusprosessissa vuosina 1977–2000. Neljäs artikkeli (IV) asettaa julkisuusdiplomatian Suomen Japaniin suuntaaman maakuvanrakentamisen pitkään linjaan. Tutkimus perustuu Suomen ulko-, kauppa- ja teollisuus-, sekä opetusministeriöiden arkistoaineistoon, jota analysoidaan historiantutkimuksen menetelmin. Käsitteellisenä työkaluna toimii soft power -teoria. Tutkimus kysyy, miksi ja miten Suomea tehtiin tunnetuksi Japanissa ja mitä se kertoi Japanin roolista Suomen ulkosuhteissa. Japani oli Suomen tiedotustoiminnalle vastaanottava maaperä. Suomettumissyytökset nakersivat Suomen puolueettomuuden uskottavuutta, mutta mainehaitta jäi vähäiseksi, koska Japanissa esiintyi historiallista sympatiaa Suomeen. Tiedottaminen korosti modernin Suomi-kuvan piirteitä teollistumista, kaupungistumista, pohjoismaista hyvinvointia, demokratiaa ja länsimaista sivistystä vastakohtana 1900-luvun alun kansallisromantiikalle. Vanha ja moderni kuva sekoittuivat ja loivat perustan 2000-luvun Suomi-buumille. Jakson lopussa internet mullisti maakuvan rakentamisen ja EU-jäsenyys antoi uskottavuutta Suomen länsimaisuudelle. Tutkimus esittää, että julkisuusdiplomatialla Japanissa Suomi pyrki tavoiteviiteryhmäänsä eli länsimaiden edustamaan kapitalististen, liberaalidemokraattisten oikeusvaltioiden joukkoon. Julkisuusdiplomatian keinoin Suomi laajensi suhteitaan länsiliittoutuneeseen Japaniin aktiivisesti virallisesta puolueettomuuspolitiikasta huolimatta. Korkean ulkopolitiikan alapuolisilla viranomaistasoilla rakennettiin pitkäaikaisia yhteistyömuotoja Japanin yhteiskuntaan. Tiedottamisella hankittiin tunnustusta, jolla lisättiin ”manööverin marginaalia” eli kaupallisia ja kulttuurisia siteitä. Suomen julkisuusdiplomatia Japanissa tulisikin nähdä osana Suomen länsi-integraation ja kansainvälisen avautumisen kokokuvaa. Japani-suhteen tarkastelu haastaa Eurooppaan ja Yhdysvaltoihin keskittynyttä otetta, sillä ymmärtääksemme keinoja ja reittejä, joilla Suomi turvasi asemaansa länsimaiden kehityksen mukana, katsetta on laajennettava niin ilmansuuntien kuin politiikan teon tasojenkin osalta. Epäpoliittisiksi mielletyillä aloilla kuten teknisten ministeriöiden toiminnassa avautui vaikutusmahdollisuuksia, joilla pitkällä aikavälillä oli myös ulkopoliittista merkitystä. From Finlandization to Finland Boom. Finland’s Public Diplomacy in Japan, 1962–2003
This dissertation studies the history of Finland’s public diplomacy, or ‘making Finland known’, in Japan from the Cold War time Finlandization discourse to the ‘Finland Boom’ phenomenon in Japan in the 2000’s. The research period begins from the year 1962, when Finland’s official foreign information activities peaked at the same time with Finland’s legation in Tokyo being promoted to embassy status and relations with Japan becoming livelier due to trade liberalization. The period ends in the year 2003 that marks the start of the ‘Finland Boom’ in Japan that saw Finland’s nation brand growing exceptionally strong. The start of the period is also marked by a general activation in Finland’s foreign relations during détente, and the end of the period by the spread of ‘new public diplomacy’, i.e. nation branding and electronic diplomacy. The research examines general public diplomacy (image building), commercial diplomacy (export promotion) and cultural diplomacy (expanding cultural cooperation) as types of influence directed by Finland towards Japan. These were implemented through the Tokyo embassy by the press center of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the trade department of the Ministry of Trade and Industry and the Foreign Information Coordination Working Group established in it in 1972, and the department of international affairs established in the Ministry of Education in 1966. The semi-public and private organizations involved in information grouped around these ministries. The three-channel system, which initially functioned on an ad hoc basis, formed the core of Finland's public diplomacy in Japan. During the research period, its organization clarified, expanded and professionalized. A press assistant and a press counselor were hired for general public diplomacy, the positions of commercial and industrial secretaries were established to handle commercial diplomacy, and cultural diplomacy was enhanced when the Finnish Institute for culture and science (Finnish Institute in Japan) was established in Tokyo. At the end of the period, all three channels of influence functioned side by side, and the outreach of the Finnish government on Japanese public was increasingly systematic. The study consists of four peer-reviewed articles and an introduction. Three of the articles are case studies that examine the areas of public diplomacy and the ministries that implemented them (I) in Finland's image policy in Japan in the 1960s, (II) in Finland's participation in the 1970 World's Fair in Osaka, and (III) in the cultural agreement process between Finland and Japan in the years 1977–2000. The fourth article (IV) places Finland’s public diplomacy in a long line of image building by Finland in Japan. The research is based on archival material of the three ministries, analyzed by the methods of historical research. Theory of soft power serves as a conceptual tool. The dissertation asks why and how Finland was introduced in Japan and what that told about Japan's role in Finland's foreign relations. Japan was receptive for Finland's information activities. Accusations of Finlandization undermined the credibility of Finland's neutrality, but the damage to Finland’s reputation was limited due to historical sympathy. The information emphasized modern features: industrialization, urbanization, Nordic welfare, democracy and Western civilization in contrast to the national romanticism of the early 20th century. The old and modern image mixed and created the foundation for the ‘Finland Boom’ of the 21st century. At the end of the period, the internet revolutionized the construction of Finland's image and EU membership gave credibility to Finland's westernness. The study shows that with public diplomacy in Japan, Finland sought recognition within its target reference group, i.e. the group of capitalist, liberal democratic rule-of-law based states represented by Western countries. Through public diplomacy, Finland expanded its relations with Western-allied Japan and actively improved its position despite its official neutrality. At levels below high foreign policy, long-term forms of cooperation were built. Information brought recognition that broadened the "margin of maneuver", utilized to deepen commercial and cultural ties. Finland's public diplomacy in Japan should be seen as part of Finland's overall western integration and international opening. Examining the relationship with Japan challenges the approach focused on Europe and the United States, because in order to understand the means and routes by which Finland secured its position alongside the Western countries, perspective must be broadened in terms of both geographical reach and levels of policymaking. In areas that are often seen as non-political, opportunities for influence opened that in the long term had also foreign political significance.
This dissertation studies the history of Finland’s public diplomacy, or ‘making Finland known’, in Japan from the Cold War time Finlandization discourse to the ‘Finland Boom’ phenomenon in Japan in the 2000’s. The research period begins from the year 1962, when Finland’s official foreign information activities peaked at the same time with Finland’s legation in Tokyo being promoted to embassy status and relations with Japan becoming livelier due to trade liberalization. The period ends in the year 2003 that marks the start of the ‘Finland Boom’ in Japan that saw Finland’s nation brand growing exceptionally strong. The start of the period is also marked by a general activation in Finland’s foreign relations during détente, and the end of the period by the spread of ‘new public diplomacy’, i.e. nation branding and electronic diplomacy. The research examines general public diplomacy (image building), commercial diplomacy (export promotion) and cultural diplomacy (expanding cultural cooperation) as types of influence directed by Finland towards Japan. These were implemented through the Tokyo embassy by the press center of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the trade department of the Ministry of Trade and Industry and the Foreign Information Coordination Working Group established in it in 1972, and the department of international affairs established in the Ministry of Education in 1966. The semi-public and private organizations involved in information grouped around these ministries. The three-channel system, which initially functioned on an ad hoc basis, formed the core of Finland's public diplomacy in Japan. During the research period, its organization clarified, expanded and professionalized. A press assistant and a press counselor were hired for general public diplomacy, the positions of commercial and industrial secretaries were established to handle commercial diplomacy, and cultural diplomacy was enhanced when the Finnish Institute for culture and science (Finnish Institute in Japan) was established in Tokyo. At the end of the period, all three channels of influence functioned side by side, and the outreach of the Finnish government on Japanese public was increasingly systematic. The study consists of four peer-reviewed articles and an introduction. Three of the articles are case studies that examine the areas of public diplomacy and the ministries that implemented them (I) in Finland's image policy in Japan in the 1960s, (II) in Finland's participation in the 1970 World's Fair in Osaka, and (III) in the cultural agreement process between Finland and Japan in the years 1977–2000. The fourth article (IV) places Finland’s public diplomacy in a long line of image building by Finland in Japan. The research is based on archival material of the three ministries, analyzed by the methods of historical research. Theory of soft power serves as a conceptual tool. The dissertation asks why and how Finland was introduced in Japan and what that told about Japan's role in Finland's foreign relations. Japan was receptive for Finland's information activities. Accusations of Finlandization undermined the credibility of Finland's neutrality, but the damage to Finland’s reputation was limited due to historical sympathy. The information emphasized modern features: industrialization, urbanization, Nordic welfare, democracy and Western civilization in contrast to the national romanticism of the early 20th century. The old and modern image mixed and created the foundation for the ‘Finland Boom’ of the 21st century. At the end of the period, the internet revolutionized the construction of Finland's image and EU membership gave credibility to Finland's westernness. The study shows that with public diplomacy in Japan, Finland sought recognition within its target reference group, i.e. the group of capitalist, liberal democratic rule-of-law based states represented by Western countries. Through public diplomacy, Finland expanded its relations with Western-allied Japan and actively improved its position despite its official neutrality. At levels below high foreign policy, long-term forms of cooperation were built. Information brought recognition that broadened the "margin of maneuver", utilized to deepen commercial and cultural ties. Finland's public diplomacy in Japan should be seen as part of Finland's overall western integration and international opening. Examining the relationship with Japan challenges the approach focused on Europe and the United States, because in order to understand the means and routes by which Finland secured its position alongside the Western countries, perspective must be broadened in terms of both geographical reach and levels of policymaking. In areas that are often seen as non-political, opportunities for influence opened that in the long term had also foreign political significance.
Kokoelmat
- Väitöskirjat [2825]